Bust of Caracalla at The Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris

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This bust with its determined expression is a portrait of Emperor Caracalla (AD 211-217). It is an expression of both the prince's psychology and his politics, and testifies to the importance of the military side of political life in the early third century AD. The vigorous modeling, worlds away from the baroque effects of the Antonine period, is a prelude to the more simplified portraits created in the second generation of the Several dynasty.  The emperor Caracalla is here depicted in a bust, wearing a breastplate over which is draped the "paludamentum," a distinctive sign of a military leader. The head is slightly turned to the right. The hair is arranged in short, tight curls on the emperor's large round skull. The determined look finds expression in the contracted muscles of the forehead, creating two horizontal lines, and the tight mouth marked by lines in the corners. The gaze from beneath the shadow of his prominent brow adds to his intense concentration, as does the firmly drawn mouth and the tight jaw. Like his father Septimus Severus, who reigned from AD 193-210, Caracalla was a military emperor. At a time when the borders of the Roman Empire were threatened and a renewed policy of conquest was underway, the army once again played an central role in the exercise of power - it was essential for an emperor to have its support. By adopting a military-style beard and short hair, as well as wearing the breastplate draped with the "paludamentum," Caracalla allies himself with his soldiers. In addition, an image of the emperor as a soldier with a rough, almost malevolent, expression represented a break with the image of the noble, just prince that was traditionally conveyed by such official art, particularly in the portraits of Marcus Aurelius. Caracalla took great pains to give himself a fearsome appearance, staring down all challengers. This type of portrait is known from other images, the so-called "Tivoli" portraits, named after the place where one of them was found. In these, the princely features are easily recognizable, but they lack the exaggerated contraction of the forehead and contorted neck that characterize the so-called "Farnese-type" portraits from AD 212-215 - a time when Caracalla had his brother and co-regent Geta assassinated and began to rule the Empire alone. The image we have of Caracalla is that of a brutal dictator, so this gentler representation has led some to think that this is a portrait from early in his reign. This hypothesis is still under discussion, however: some see the "Tivoli"-type portrait as a creation from the end of Caracalla's reign - a reaction against the exaggerated expressionism of the "Farnese" style. In any case, the sober execution of this piece represents a step forward in Roman portrait art. The naturalist technique and the reduced volume of the hair - no longer an excuse for the sculptor to display his or her skill with the trepan - speak of a refusal of surface effects and the decorative excess that had been fashionable since the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The frankness and simplification of this work prefigure the trend toward schematization that so influenced Roman portrait art starting in the third century AD.   This object is part of "Scan The World". Scan the World is a non-profit initiative introduced by MyMiniFactory, through which we are creating a digital archive of fully 3D printable sculptures, artworks and landmarks from across the globe for the public to access for free. Scan the World is an open source, community effort, if you have interesting items around you and would like to contribute, email stw@myminifactory.com to find out how you can help.