Kapala Carved skull

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Kapala From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the cup used in rituals. For other uses, see Kapala (disambiguation). "Skullcup" redirects here. For other uses, see Skull cup. A kapala (Sanskrit for "skull") or skullcup is a cup made from a human skull and used as a ritual implement (bowl) in both Hindu Tantra and Buddhist Tantra (Vajrayana). Especially in Tibet, they are often carved or elaborately mounted with precious metals and jewels. Tibetan carved kapala Part of a series on Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Dharmachakra Sects[show] Key personalities[show] Teachings[show] Practices and attainment[show] Major monasteries[show] Institutional roles[show] Festivals[show] Texts[show] Art[show] History and overview[show] Tibetian Wheel.svg vte Kapala Contents 1 Nomenclature, orthography and etymology 2 Vajrayana deities 3 Hindu deities 4 The Kapalikas 5 Uses 6 Charnel ground or sky burial 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Nomenclature, orthography and etymology 'Kapala' (Tibetan: ཀ་པ་ལ, Wylie: kapala) is a loan word into Tibetan from Sanskrit kapāla (Devanagari: कपाल) referring to the skull or forehead, usually of a human. By association, it refers to the ritual skullcup fashioned out of a human cranium. Vajrayana deities The Buddhist Deities Chakrasamvara and Vajravarahi, circa 15th century Painted Kapala is seen on one of the left hands Many of the deities of Vajrayana, including mahasiddhas, dakinis and dharmapalas, are depicted as carrying the kapala, usually in their left hand. Some deities such as the Hindu Chinnamasta and the related Buddhist Vajrayogini are depicted as drinking blood from the kapala.[1] Hindu deities Hindu deities that may be depicted with the kapala include Durga, Kālī and Shiva, especially in his Bhairava form. Even Ganesha, when adopted into Tibetan Buddhism as Maharakta Ganapati, is shown with a kapala filled with blood. Some of the Hindu deities pictured thus are: a) Kālī, pictured in the most common four-armed iconographic image, shows each hand carrying variously a sword, a trishula (trident), a severed head, and a bowl or skullcup (kapala) catching the blood of the severed head. b) The Chamunda, a form of Durga, seen in the Halebidu temple built by the Hoysala, is described as wearing a garland of severed heads or skulls (Mundamala). She is described as having four, eight, ten, or twelve arms, holding a damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword, a snake (nāga), skull-mace (khatvanga), thunderbolt (vajra), a severed head and panapatra (drinking vessel, wine cup) or skullcup (kapala), filled with blood. The Kapalikas Main article: Kapalika Uses This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kapala" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Kapala Mala, 19th century, Tibet, courtesy of the Wovensouls collection In Tibetan monasteries a kapala is used symbolically to hold bread or dough cakes, torma, and wine instead of blood and flesh as offerings to wrathful deities, such as the ferocious Dharmapāla ("defender of the faith"). The dough cakes are shaped to resemble human eyes, ears and tongues. The kapala is made in the form of a skull, specially collected and prepared. It is elaborately anointed and consecrated before use. The cup is also elaborately decorated and kept in a triangular pedestal. The heavily embossed cup is usually made of silver-gilt bronze with lid shaped like a skull and with a handle made in the form of a thunderbolt.[2] Kapalas are used mainly for esoteric purposes such as rituals. Among the rituals using kapalas are higher tantric meditation to achieve a transcendental state of thought and mind within the shortest possible time; libation to gods and deities to win their favor; by Tibetan Lamas as an offering bowl on the altar, being filled with wine or blood as a gift to the Yidam Deity or all the Deities; and the Vajrayana empowerment ceremony. Charnel ground or sky burial Main article: Sky burial The kapala is one of several charnel ground implements made from human bone found by tantrics at sky burial sites. Sky burial site in Yerpa valley in Tibet where kapalas are searched for by tantric practitioners The charnel ground, an ancient Tibetan burial custom, is distinctly different from the customs of graveyards and cremation, but all three of them have been a part of the home ground of tantric practitioners’ such as the yogis and yoginis, Shaiva Kapalikas and Aghoris, shamans and sadhus. The charnel ground, often referred to as "sky burial" by Western sources, is an area demarcated specifically in Tibet, defined by the Tibetan word Jhator (literal meaning is ’giving alms to the birds’), a way of exposing the corpse to nature, where human bodies are disposed as it were or in a chopped (chopped after the rituals) condition in the open ground as a ritual that has great religious meaning of the ascent of the mind to be reincarnated into another circle of life. Such a practice results in finding human bones, half or whole skeletons, more or less putrefying corpses and disattached limbs lying scattered around. Items made from human skulls or bones are found in the sky burial grounds by the Sadhus and Yogins of the tantric cult. The charnel grounds are also known by the epithets the "field of death" or the "valley of corpses". In Tibet, a class distinction in the burial practices is also noted. The dead High Lamas are buried in Stupas or cremated but the dead commoners are disposed of in the Charnel ground or in a Sky burial.[3][4] The products from the charnel ground are the charnel ground ornaments such as the i) Crown of five skulls, ii) Bone necklace, iii) Bone armlets, iv) Bone bracelets, v) Bone skirt and vi) Bone anklets which decorate many images of dakinis, yoginis, dharmapalas and a few other deities (as may be seen in some of the pictures and stone images depicted in the gallery here), and other products such as the Bone trumpet, the Skull cup and Skull drum used by the tantric practitioners. Kapala or the skull cup is thus a produce from the Charnel ground.[5] Bhairava's image in the Durbar Square, Kathmandu. He holds the kapala in his lower right hand, near his chest Gallery 6 armed Mahakala – tantric protective deity with a kapala in the hand. Dancing Rakta Ganapathi with Kapala in hand Tibetan Rakta Ganapathi with Kapala in hand See also Chöd Ganachakra Sahasrara Notes Benard, Elisabeth Anne (1994). Chinnamasta: The Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess. Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1065-1 Encyclopædia Britannica. Kapala Camphausen, Rufus C. "Charnel- and Cremation Grounds". www.yoniversum.nl. Retrieved 15 June 2018. "Sky Burial, Tibetan Religious Ritual, Funeral Party". www.travelchinaguide.com. Retrieved 15 June 2018. Camphausen, Rufus C. "Charnel Ground Ornaments and Implements". www.yoniversum.nl. Retrieved 15 June 2018. External links The Yoniverse. Skull Cup vte Tibetan Buddhism Traditions VajrayanaBonNyingmaKadamBodongpaSakyaJonangKagyuGelugRimé movement Practices and teachings LamrimLamdreNgöndroChödDzogchenMahamudraSix DharmasKālacakra Institutional roles LamaTulkuTertönRinpocheNgagpaDalai LamaPanchen LamaKarmapaSakya Trizin Key figures Nyingma (Dzogchen) Padmasambhava Sakya Sakya PanditaDrogön Chögyal Phagpa Kagyu MilarepaThang Tong Gyalpo Gelug Je Tsongkhapa Other Trisong DetsenVairotsanaDampa SangyeDrukpa KunleyNamkhai NorbuGodrakpaGorampa Sonam SengyeJigdral Yeshe Dorje (2nd Dudjom Rinpoche)ShamarpaDilgo KhyentseJamgon KongtrulJamyang Khyentse WangpoDzongsar Khyentse Chökyi LodröDolpopa Sherab GyaltsenLongchenpaJigme LingpaPatrul RinpocheGampopaMarpa LotsawaChögyam TrungpaPenor RinpocheRatna LingpaChagdud Tulku RinpocheChökyi Nyima RinpocheDzongsar Jamyang Khyentse RinpocheShakya ShriThinley NorbuChogye TrichenTenzin Ösel HitaTulku Urgyen RinpocheTaranathaMikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa LamaMinling TertonRendawaRongtong Shenrab KunrigOrgyen Chokgyur LingpaPema LingpaTai SitupaThubten YesheJamgon Ju Mipham GyatsoTenzin PalmoSakya ChokdenTenzin Wangyal RinpocheTsele Natsok RangdrölGanden TripaLama Jampa ThayeRangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa LamaThubten Zopa RinpocheNyoshul Khenpo RinpocheTarthang TulkuDodrupchen RinpocheAnagarika GovindaAlexandra David-NéelVimalamitraAtiśaNgorchen Kunga ZangpoTsangnyön HerukaGo Lotsawa Shonnu PalSogyal RinpocheSecond Beru KhyentseAlexander Berzin (scholar)Chatral RinpocheDezhung RinpocheTulku ThondupTraleg Kyabgon RinpocheAkong RinpocheKhenpo Abbey RinpocheKangyur RinpocheDudjom YangsiDzigar Kongtrul RinpocheOrgyen TobgyalKathok Ontrul RinpocheZurmang Tenpa RinpocheAdzom DrukpaYudra NyingpoRatna Vajra SakyaGyana Vajra SakyaDzogchen Ponlop RinpocheDawa Chodrak RinpocheKalu RinpocheTenga RinpocheKhenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso RinpocheThrangu RinpocheChetsang RinpocheTrijang RinpochePhabongkhaReting RinpocheZong RinpocheLing RinpocheKhandro RinpocheTrulshik RinpocheKarma Thinley RinpocheKhamtrul RinpocheGyalwang DrukpaLuding Khenchen RinpocheRechung Dorje DrakpaPhagmo Drupa Dorje GyalpoArija RinpocheHugh Edward RichardsonCharles Alfred Bell Texts TermaGyubumKangyurTengyurTibetan canon